Isingeniso
Njengoba ukukhiqizwa nokuthunyelwa kwamabhethri e-EV kanye nesitoreji samandla ngaphesheya kwemingcele kushesha, ukupakisha sekuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphepha komkhiqizo kunokuba kube yisinqumo esijwayelekile sezokuthutha. Ngenxa yokuthi amabhethri asekelwe ku-lithium alawulwa njengezinto eziyingozi, ukupakisha okusetshenziselwa ukuhambisa amaseli, amamojula, kanye namaphakethe kumele kwenze okungaphezu kokuvikela ekulimaleni: kumele kunciphise ingozi ye-short-circuit, kumelane nomthelela, futhi kusekele ukuhambisana nokuthuthwa okusemthethweni. Lesi sihloko sichaza ukuthi kungani ukupakisha okuqinisekiswe yi-UN kubalulekile embonini entsha yamabhethri amandla, yiziphi izingozi ezisiza ekulawuleni, nokuthi ukukhetha ukupakisha okufanele kungavikela kanjani ukuthunyelwa, kugweme ukuphazamiseka okubizayo, futhi kuqinise ukuthembeka kokusebenza kulo lonke uchungechunge lokunikezwa.
Kungani Ukupakishwa Okuqinisekiswe Yi-UN Kubalulekile Kumabhethri Amasha Amandla
Ukusheshisa okusheshayo kwezimoto ezintsha zamandla (i-NEV) kanye nemikhakha yokugcina amandla esikalini segridi kushintshe kakhulu uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwamabhethri emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba isidingo somhlaba wonke samabhethri e-lithium-ion (i-Li-ion) kanye ne-solid-state kulindeleke ukuthi sidlule ku-3.5 TWh ngo-2030, inani elikhulu lezinto ezinamandla aphezulu ezidlula emingceleni yamazwe ngamazwe liye labangela ukuqapha okuqinile kokulawula. Ngenxa yokuthi la mabhethri aqukethe amakhemikhali aguquguqukayo angakwazi ukwenza izehlakalo ezinzima zokushisa, ahlukaniswa njengezinto eziyingozi (Izimpahla Eziyingozi Zesigaba 9).
Okuyisisekelo sokunciphisa izingozi zokuhamba yiphakheji eqinisekiswe yi-UN. Yakhelwe ukumelana nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, ukuvimbela izifunda ezimfushane, futhi ivimbele ukusabalala kokushisa, izixazululo eziqinisekiswe yi-UN aziwona nje amabhokisi okuhlola ukuhambisana nemithetho—ziyingqalasizinda ebalulekile. Kwabaholi bobunjiniyela kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla, ukukhetha ukupakishwa okufanele okuhambisanayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela emikhulu ingafinyelela ngokusemthethweni nangokuphephile imigqa yokuhlanganisa izimoto ngaphandle kokufaka izithiyo zomthetho noma ukubeka engcupheni ukuphepha komphakathi.
Izingozi zokuphepha, ukuphazamiseka, kanye nedumela
Ingozi eyinhloko ehlotshaniswa namabhethri amasha amandla ukusabalala kokushisa—ukwehluleka kokwehla lapho izinga lokushisa langaphakathi leseli elilodwa lidlula ngokushesha ama-600°C, likhipha amagesi anobuthi futhi livuthe amaseli aseduze. Uma lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuthutha, ukupakisha okujwayelekile akunikezi zivikelo, kufake engozini imikhumbi yezokuthutha, izindiza kanye nabasebenzi.
Ngaphandle kwezingozi zokuphepha eziqondile, ukusetshenziswa kokupakisha okungahambisani nomthetho kuletha izingozi ezinkulu zokuphazamiseka kochungechunge lokuphakelwa. Iziphathimandla zechweba kanye nabalawuli bezindiza bavame ukubamba izimpahla ezingenayo imibhalo efanele ye-UN noma besebenzisa ukupakisha okungeyikho. Kuma-OEM asebenza ngamashejuli okukhiqiza ngesikhathi esifanele (JIT), ukuthunyelwa okukodwa okubanjwe kungamisa umugqa wokuhlanganisa, kubize amashumi ezinkulungwane zamaRandi ngehora ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza esingasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umonakalo wedumela obangelwa umlilo wokuhamba ohlobene nemikhuba yokupakisha enganaki unganqamula unomphela izinkontileka zabahlinzeki be-Tier-1.
Izingcindezi zezentengiselwano embonini yamabhethri
Nakuba ukuthobela imithetho kungaxoxiswana ngakho, abakhiqizi bamabhethri babhekene nezingcindezi ezinkulu zezentengiselwano zokuthuthukisa izindleko zokuthutha. Ezokuthutha kanye nokupakisha okwamanje zibiza cishe u-8% kuya ku-12% wezindleko eziphelele ezilethwayo zephakethe lebhethri le-EV. Ngenxa yalokho, onjiniyela bokupakisha banomsebenzi wokukhulisa ukusebenza kahle kwevolumu—ukufaka amamojula amaningi noma amaseli esitsheni sokuthumela esijwayelekile—ngaphandle kokwephula imikhawulo yesisindo esiphelele sesitifiketi se-UN.
Lokhu kuguquguquka kudala inselele yokwenza ngcono kakhulu. Ukwakha ikhambi lokupakisha ngokweqile kwandisa isisindo salo, kukhuphule izindleko zokuthutha futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kwemithwalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukungabi khona kobunjiniyela obuphelele kuyingozi yokwehluleka ukuhlolwa kwe-UN okuphoqelekile kanye nokufakwa kwe-stacking. Impumelelo embonini entsha yamabhethri amandla idinga ukuthola ibhalansi enembile: ukusebenzisa izinhlanganisela ezithuthukisiwe, ezilula noma izinsimbi zesakhiwo ezidlula isitifiketi se-UN ngenkathi kunciphisa izindleko ezincishisiwe nge-kilowatt-hora ngayinye ehanjiswayo.
Izindinganiso Zokupakisha ze-UN kanye Namakhodi Okuthunyelwa Kwebhethri
Ukuthuthwa kwezinto eziyingozi emhlabeni wonke kulawulwa yiMithethonqubo Yemodeli ye-UN, esebenza njengesisekelo sezinhlaka ezithile zendlela ezifana neMiyalelo Yobuchwepheshe ye-International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), iKhodi Yezimpahla Eziyingozi Zasolwandle Yamazwe Ngamazwe (IMDG), kanye neSivumelwano SaseYurophu mayelana Nokuthuthwa Kwezimpahla Eziyingozi Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngomgwaqo (ADR).
Embonini entsha yamabhethri kagesi, le mithetho inquma izindlela zokuhlola eziqondile, izidingo zesakhiwo, kanye nemikhawulo yokusebenza. Isibonelo, ngaphansi kwemithetho yamanje ye-IATA yezokuthutha emoyeni, amabhethri e-UN3480 lithium-ion kumele athunyelwe nge-State of Charge (SoC) engadluli ku-30% womthamo wawo olinganiselwe, futhi adinga izakhiwo zokupakisha eziqondile kakhulu ukuvimbela ukugoba kukagesi kanye nomonakalo we-kinetic.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimpahla eziyingozi kwamaseli, amamojula, namaphakethe
Amabhethri e-Lithium-ion ahlukaniswa ngaphansi kwe-Class 9 Izimpahla Eziyingozi Ezihlukahlukene, kodwa inombolo ethize ye-UN incike ekucushweni kokuthunyelwa. Amaseli azimele, amamojula, namaphakethe kuthunyelwa ngaphansi kwe-UN3480 (amabhethri e-Lithium ion). Uma ibhethri ligcwele imishini eliyinika amandla, liwela ngaphansi kwe-UN3481 (amabhethri e-Lithium ion agcwele imishini), futhi uma lihlanganiswe nemishini, lihlukaniswa njenge-UN3481 (amabhethri e-Lithium ion aqukethwe emishinini).
Ukuhlukaniswa ngakunye kunemiyalelo ehlukile yokupakisha (isb., i-PI 965 ye-UN3480). Amabhethri e-EV anomthamo ophezulu avame ukweqa imikhawulo yesisindo ejwayelekile, ngokuvamile enesisindo esiphakathi kuka-400 kg no-800 kg. Lawa maphakethe amakhulu ngokuvamile adinga izitifiketi ze-Large Packaging (LP), njenge-UN 50A (iphakheji enkulu yensimbi) noma i-UN 50B (aluminium), ezidlula ezinkambisweni zokuhlola ezikhethekile ezenzelwe imithwalo esindayo yezimboni.
Amamaki, izivivinyo, kanye nezinhlaka zomthetho ze-UN
Uphawu lwesitifiketi se-UN lunikeza isifinyezo esaziwa emhlabeni wonke samakhono ephakheji. Intambo evamile, njengokuthi 4A/Y20/S/23/USA/M1234, ikhombisa uhlobo lokupakisha (4A lwebhokisi lensimbi), iQembu Lokupakisha elihlangabezana nalo (Y leQembu Lokupakisha II), isisindo esiphezulu ngamakhilogremu (20), okuqukethwe okuhlosiwe (S kwento eqinile), unyaka wokwenziwa (23), izwe eligunyazayo, kanye nekhodi yomkhiqizi.
Ukuze uthole leli phawu, ukupakishwa kweprototype kumele kudlule ibhethri lokuhlolwa okuqinile ngokomzimba. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuhlolwa kokuwa okungamamitha ayi-1.2 ezindaweni eziningi ukuze kulingiswe ukuwa kokuphatha, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuqongelela lapho iphakethe kumele libhekane nomthwalo ongaguquki olingana nenqwaba yamamitha amathathu yamaphakheji afanayo alayishiwe amahora angama-24 ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo okungalimaza ibhethri.
Izindlela ezibalulekile zamaqembu okuthenga nobunjiniyela
Amaqembu obunjiniyela bokuthenga nokupakisha kumele avumelanise imininingwane yawo nezingozi ezingokwemvelo zekhemikhali yebhethri kanye nefomethi. I-UN Packing Group (PG) ichaza izinga lengozi yezimpahla futhi inquma ukuqina kokupakisha okudingekayo. Amabhethri amaningi ajwayelekile e-Li-ion adinga ukupakishwa kwe-PG II (Medium Danger), kuyilapho amabhethri alimele noma anephutha adinga ukupakishwa kwe-PG I (High Danger).
| Iqembu Lokupakisha | Izinga Lengozi | Ikhodi Yophawu lwe-UN | Ukuphakama Kokuhlolwa Kokwehla | Isicelo Sebhethri Esijwayelekile |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-PG I | Phezulu | X | Amamitha angu-1.8 | Amabhethri alimele, anephutha, noma abuyiselwe emuva (DDR) |
| I-PG II | Okuphakathi nendawo | FUTHI | Amamitha angu-1.2 | Amaseli e-EV ajwayelekile, amamojula, namaphakethe okukhiqiza |
| I-PG III | Phansi | NE | Amamitha angu-0.8 | Amabhethri omthengi anamandla aphansi (angavamile kuma-EV) |
Onjiniyela kumele bacacise i-dunnage yangaphakathi—njenge-foams ezilwa nokungaguquki, izihlukanisi eziqinile, kanye nama-blister tray angashi—ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ibhethri alikwazi ukushintsha ngesikhathi sokuthutha, ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjelwe umonakalo we-terminal kanye nama-short circuits. I-assembly yonke (ibhokisi langaphandle kanye ne-dunnage yangaphakathi nebhethri) kumele ihlolwe futhi iqinisekiswe njengeyunithi eyodwa, ehlangene.
Indlela Yokuqhathanisa Izinketho Zokupakisha Eziqinisekiswe yi-UN
Njengoba sekusungulwe izindlela zokuthobela imithetho, izinhlangano kumele zikhethe izakhiwo zokupakisha ezihambisana nesivinini sazo sochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, izindlela zokuhamba, kanye nezinhloso zokuzinza. Imakethe inikeza ububanzi bezixazululo eziqinisekiswe yi-UN kusukela emabhokisini e-fiberboard angasetshenziswa kuya ezitsheni zensimbi ezisindayo nezingasetshenziswa kabusha ezihlonyiswe ngokulandelela kwe-IoT.
Ukukhetha ukucushwa okuhle kakhulu kudinga ukuhlaziywa kwe-Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). Ngenkathi ibhokisi elihlanganisiwe eliqinisekiswe yi-UN elisetshenziswa kanye lingabiza u-$15, isitsha sensimbi esingasetshenziswa kabusha esenzelwe imijikelezo yohambo engu-50 kuya ku-100 sizoba nezindleko ezinkulu kakhulu kusengaphambili kodwa singanciphisa kakhulu izindleko zokupakisha ezincishisiwe ngokuthunyelwa ngakunye esikhathini sokukhiqiza seminyaka eminingi embonini.
Izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zokupakisha zamaseli, amamojula, namaphakethe
Isici sebhethri sinquma ukuthi impahla yokupakisha ifaneleka kangakanani. Amaseli aqinile noma aqinile athunyelwa ngobuningi avame ukupakishwa ku-UN 4G (amabhokisi e-fiberboard) noma ku-UN 4H2 (amabhokisi epulasitiki aqinile) kusetshenziswa amathreyi epulasitiki abunjwe ngokwezifiso noma abahlukanisi ukuze kuhlukaniswe amatheminali ngamanye. Lokhu kukhulisa ubuningi bokuthuthwa kwamaseli anomthamo omkhulu.
Kumamojula ebhethri aphakathi nendawo, amabhokisi e-UN 4A (insimbi) noma e-UN 4B (aluminium) ayathandwa. Lezi zakhiwo eziqinile zivikela ama-busbar abonakalayo nama-cooling plate amamojula ekungeneni kwe-kinetic. Amaphakethe ebhethri e-EV ahlanganiswe ngokuphelele, amakhulu futhi ayinkimbinkimbi ngokwejiyometri, athunyelwa cishe kuphela kumafreyimu ensimbi e-UN 50A aklanywe ngokwezifiso noma amabhokisi aqinile ahlanganisiwe anezikhwama ze-forklift ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezindawo zokubopha ezisindayo zokuhamba okuphephile noma okuhamba ngolwandle.
Izindleko, ukusetshenziswa kabusha, kanye nokushintshana kokusebenza
Isinqumo phakathi kokusetshenziswa kanye (okusebenziseka kalula) kanye nokusetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi (okungasetshenziswa kabusha) sincike ku-logistics loop. Ukufakwa kabusha kusebenza kahle kakhulu kumaketanga okuhlinzeka nge-closed-loop—njengokuthutha amamojula kusuka kumkhiqizi weseli kuya esitshalweni sokuhlanganisa amaphakethe sendawo. Ukumodela kwezezimali kuvame ukuveza iphuzu lokulingana cishe emijikelezweni eyi-12 kuya kweyi-15; ngale kwalokhu, amabhokisi epulasitiki angasetshenziswa kabusha noma asetshenziswa kakhulu anikeza i-ROI ephezulu.
| I-Metric | Ukusetshenziswa Kanye (isb., i-UN 4G Fiberboard/Wood) | Ingasetshenziswa kabusha (isb., i-UN 4A Steel / 4H2 Plastic) |
|---|---|---|
| Izindleko Zangaphambili Ngeyunithi ngayinye | Okuphansi ($10 - $50) | Okuphezulu ($200 - $1,500+) |
| Izindleko ngohambo ngalunye (ngemijikelezo engu-50) | $10 - $50 (kanye nokulahla) | $4 - $30 (kufaka phakathi impahla ebuyayo) |
| Kudingeka Ukuhlelwa Okuphambene? | Cha | Yebo (Ukuthutha okungenasitsha esingenalutho) |
| Izinga Lokuvikela | Okumaphakathi (okungavikeleki ekushisweni umswakama/ukuchotshozwa) | Okuphezulu (okumelana nesimo sezulu, ukumelana nokuchotshozwa okuphezulu) |
| Ukusimama | Ukukhiqizwa kwemfucuza ephezulu, i-CO2 ephansi ngaphambili | Akukho mfucuza, i-CO2 ephezulu kusengaphambili, idinga ukuhlanzwa |
Izixazululo zokupakisha ezenziwe ngokwezifiso vs ezijwayelekile
Ukupakishwa okujwayelekile, njengezinyathelo ezijwayelekile ze-VDA KLT ezisetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wezimoto waseYurophu, kuvumela abakhiqizi ukuthi bathole izitsha eziqinisekiswe yi-UN ngaphandle kwezindleko, okususa izikhathi zokuthuthukiswa. Izixazululo ezijwayelekile zilungele amaseli e-prismatic ajwayelekile noma osayizi bemodyuli evamile.
Kodwa-ke, amajiyometri ephakethe le-EV azimele avame ukudinga ukupakishwa ngokwezifiso. Ukuthuthukisa ikhambi eliqinisekiswe yi-UN elingokwezifiso kudinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu kusengaphambili, ngezindleko zamathuluzi zamathileyi e-dunnage enziwe ngokwezifiso asukela ku-$15,000 kuya ku-$40,000, kanye nezindleko zokuhlolwa kwesitifiketi se-UN esivela eceleni (ngokuvamile ku-$5,000 kuya ku-$10,000 ngomklamo ngamunye). Naphezu kwalezi zindleko, ukupakishwa ngokwezifiso kunciphisa imfucuza yevolumu, kuqinisekisa ubuningi obukhulu bephakethe ngesitsha ngasinye sokuthumela futhi ekugcineni kunciphisa izindleko zokuthutha emhlabeni jikelele.
Izinyathelo Zokuthobela Imithetho Nezokuthutha Zokuthunyelwa Kwebhethri Okuphephile
Ukuthola ukupakishwa okuqinisekiswe yi-UN kuyisinyathelo sokuqala nje; ukugcina ukuthobela imithetho ngesikhathi sokulayisha ngokomzimba kanye nezigaba zokuthutha yilapho izintambo eziningi zokuhlinzeka ziwohloka khona. Ukuthunyelwa kwamabhethri amasha kagesi kudinga izinqubo eziqinile zokusebenza (ama-SOP) ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukupakishwa okuqinisekisiwe kusetshenziswa njengoba kuhlolwe.
Isici esibalulekile salesi sigaba sokusebenza ukuphatha okuhlukile, ikakhulukazi lapho kubhekene namabhethri ahluleka ukulawula ikhwalithi noma alimele ensimini. Izinhlangano ezilawulayo ziphatha amabhethri e-lithium-ion asengozini ngokuqapha okukhulu, ziphoqelela izinqubo ezikhethekile zokulawula ezikwazi ukuphatha ingcindezi efika ku-300 kPa futhi zivimbele ukusabalala komlilo wangaphandle.
Inqubo yokuthumela eyinhloko yabakhiqizi namaqembu ezokuthutha
Umsebenzi wokuthumela oyinhloko uqala ngokuphathwa kwe-State of Charge (SoC) okuqinisekisiwe. Amabhethri kumele akhishwe emkhawulweni wokulawula (isb., 30% kwezokuthutha emoyeni) futhi abhalwe phansi. Okulandelayo, ibhethri kumele lifakwe ephaketheni kusetshenziswa i-dunnage yangaphakathi eqondile echazwe embikweni wokuhlola we-UN. Ukufaka esikhundleni sobuningi be-foam ehlukile noma ukushiya isihlukanisi sepulasitiki kwenza isitifiketi se-UN singabi namandla ngaso leso sikhathi.
Uma seluvaliwe, ingaphandle lephakheji kumele liphawulwe kahle futhi lilebulwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ilebula yengozi yebhethri ye-Class 9 Lithium, inombolo ye-UN (isb., UN3480), kanye nelebula ye-Cargo Aircraft Only (CAO) uma kusebenza. Okokugcina, iSimemezelo Sezimpahla Eziyingozi (DG) kumele senziwe ngumthumeli wezinto eziyingozi oqinisekisiwe, obophe ngokusemthethweni umenzi ukuthi ahambisane nokuthunyelwa.
Ukuphatha amabhethri alimele noma anephutha
Ukuphatha amabhethri alimele, anephutha, noma abuyiselwe emuva (DDR) kuletha izidingo eziqinile kakhulu zezokuthutha. Ngaphansi kwemithetho efana ne-Special Provision 376 (ADR/IMDG), amabhethri e-DDR avame ukuqhekeka ngokushesha noma ukusabalala kokushisa kumele athuthwe ngephakheji ye-UN Packing Group I (X-rated).
Lezi zitsha ezikhethekile zivame ukwakhiwa ngensimbi esindayo futhi zimbozwe ngezinto zokuphatha ukushisa. Ukupakisha okuvamile kwangaphakathi kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusika ezingashisi, ezingaqhumisi njenge-vermiculite noma ama-granule okucindezela umlilo aklanywe ngobunjiniyela (isb., i-PyroBubbles). Ukupakisha okuthuthukisiwe kwe-DDR kungase futhi kufake izinhlelo zokuhlunga ezisebenza ngokukhipha igesi ukuze kukhishwe ngokuphephile igesi enobuthi ye-hydrofluoric (HF) ngenkathi kuqukethe amalangabi nama-projectiles ngesikhathi somcimbi wokushisa.
Ukwehluleka okuvamile okubangela ukubambezeleka kanye nezinhlawulo
Ukuphoqelelwa komthetho kwezokuthutha kwebhethri kuqinile, futhi ukwehluleka kokuphatha noma kokusebenza kunezijeziso ezinzima. Ukwephulwa okuvamile kufaka phakathi amabhethri okuthumela ku-SoC engaphezu kuka-30% ngomoya ngaphandle kwemvume ecacile yegunya elifanele, ukusebenzisa ukupakishwa okunamamaki e-UN angafundeki noma avinjelwe, noma ukwehluleka ukumemezela ukuthunyelwa ngendlela efanele kumadokhumenti e-DG.
Imiphumela yezezimali yalokhu kwehluleka inzima kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-FAA kanye ne-US DOT, izinhlawulo zomphakathi zokwephulwa kwezinto eziyingozi zingadlula u-$80,000 ngokwephulwa ngakunye, futhi ukweqa ngamabomu imithetho yokuphepha kungabangela ukushushiswa kobugebengu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abahlinzeki bezokuthutha kanye nabathuthi bempahla bazovimbela ngokushesha abakhiqizi abanomlando wokwehluleka kokuthobela imithetho, okuzokhubaza ikhono labo lokusabalalisa imikhiqizo emhlabeni jikelele.
Indlela Yokukhetha Umhlinzeki Wokupakisha Oqinisekisiwe yi-UN
Ngenxa yokuthi umthwalo wemfanelo wokuthuthwa kwezinto eziyingozi uxhomeke kakhulu kumthumeli, ukukhetha umenzi wokupakisha kuyisinqumo sokuthobela imithetho. Umhlinzeki akumelwe nje abe nekhono lokukhiqiza lokukhiqiza izinto eziqinile kodwa futhi abe nolwazi lokulawula ukuze abhekane nokushintshashintsha kwezinhlaka zezimpahla eziyingozi zomhlaba wonke.
Lapho behlola abalingani abangaba khona, ama-OEM ezimoto kanye nabakhiqizi bamaseli ebhethri kumele babheke ngale kwentengo yeyunithi ngayinye. Kumele bahlole izinhlelo zokuphatha ikhwalithi zomhlinzeki, ukwandiswa komkhiqizo, kanye nekhono lokusekela umjikelezo wokuphila kwephakheji, ikakhulukazi lapho i-Minimum Order Quantities (MOQs) yamabhokisi e-UN enziwe ngokwezifiso ingasukela kumayunithi angu-500 kuya ku-2,000.
Iziqu zomhlinzeki kanye nezindlela zokuhlola
Umhlinzeki wokupakisha ofanelekayo we-UN kumele asebenze ngaphansi kohlelo lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi oluqinile, oluvame ukuqinisekiswa yisitifiketi se-ISO 9001. Ngenxa yokuthi isitifiketi se-UN sinikezwa ngokusekelwe kumodeli, umhlinzeki kumele abonise ukuhambisana okuphelele ekukhiqizweni kwesisindo; noma yikuphi ukuphambuka ekujikeni kwezinto, ubuqotho be-weld, noma okuqukethwe komswakama we-fiberboard kungabangela ukuthi iyunithi yokukhiqiza yehluleke ngaphansi kokucindezeleka kwangempela.
Izindlela zokuhlola kufanele zifake ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela komhlinzeki ezindaweni zokuhlola eziqinisekiswe yi-ISTA. Abahlinzeki abanamakhono okuhlola ukuphonsa phansi kanye nokuhlola ukuchoboza ngaphakathi bangakwazi ukuphinda bahlele imiklamo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokushesha kakhulu kunalabo abathembele ngokuphelele kumalebhu ezinkampani zangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu okuthenga kumele afune ukulandelelwa okugcwele kwezinto futhi acele imibiko yokuhlola ye-UN yokuqala, engakahlelwanga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukupakishwa kuhlolwe ngomthwalo oyisimanga omele ubukhulu bebhethri kanye nejiyometri yomthengi.
Ukulinganisela ukuhambisana nemithetho, izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila, kanye nokufaneleka kokusebenza
Ukukhetha kokugcina kudinga ukulinganisela ukuhambisana okuqinile kwemithetho nezindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokusebenza. Ukuze kusetshenziswe kabusha ukupakisha kwensimbi, abathengi kumele bahlole indawo yomhlinzeki. Ukuthola izitsha zensimbi ezisindayo kumhlinzeki waphesheya kwezilwandle kungabangela izindleko ezinkulu zokuthutha ezingenalutho; ngakho-ke, ukufaka endaweni umphakeli eduze kwefektri enkulu yebhethri ngokuvamile kuyisidingo sezezimali.
Abathengi kumele futhi babambisane nabaphakeli ukuklama ukulingana kokusebenza. Lokhu kusho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isitsha esiqinisekiswe yi-UN sihlangana kahle nezimoto eziqondiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo (ama-AGV) phansi efektri, singena kahle ngaphakathi kwezitsha zokuthumela ze-ISO ezijwayelekile ukuze kwandiswe ukusetshenziswa kwe-cube, futhi sinezindlela zokubopha ezi-ergonomic zokunciphisa isikhathi somsebenzi ngesikhathi sokulayisha nokulayisha iphakethe. Umhlinzeki okhethwe kahle usebenza njengesandiso sethimba lobunjiniyela, evala igebe phakathi kokuhambisana nezinto eziyingozi kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okunciphile.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele
- Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu semboni yamabhethri amasha kagesi
- Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
- Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Kusho ukuthini ukupakisha okuqinisekiswe yi-UN ekuthunyelweni kwamabhethri e-EV?
Kusho ukuthi iphakethe liphumelele ukuhlolwa kwezimpahla eziyingozi ze-UN kokuthinteka, ukufakwa, kanye nokugcinwa, futhi livunyelwe ukuthutha amabhethri e-Class 9 afana namaseli e-lithium-ion, amamojula, noma amaphakethe.
Yiliphi inombolo ye-UN esebenza kumabhethri e-lithium-ion?
I-UN3480 isebenza kumabhethri e-lithium-ion azimele. I-UN3481 isebenza uma amabhethri egcwele imishini noma efakwe emishinini. Ukusethwa okuqondile kunquma imiyalelo yokupakisha edingekayo.
Kungani ukupakisha okuvamile kwezimboni kunganele kumabhethri amasha kagesi?
Ukupakishwa okujwayelekile kungase kungavimbeli ukujikeleza okufushane, ukuchotshozwa, noma ukusabalala kokushisa. Imiklamo eqinisekiswe yi-UN yakhelwe ukuphatha izingozi zezimpahla eziyingozi nokunciphisa ukubanjwa kokuthunyelwa, ingozi yomlilo, kanye nokwehluleka kokuthobela imithetho.
Ingabe kukhona imikhawulo yokuthunyelwa ngendiza kwamabhethri e-lithium-ion?
Yebo. Ezintweni eziningi zokuthunyelwa ngendiza ze-UN3480, imithetho ye-IATA idinga isimo senkokhelo esingu-30% noma ngaphansi, kanye nezidingo eziqinile zokupakisha, ukulebula, kanye nemibhalo.
Kunini lapho amabhethri e-EV adinga khona isitifiketi esikhulu sokupakisha?
Amaphakethe amakhulu noma asindayo, ngokuvamile angaba ngu-400–800 kg, angadinga izitifiketi ze-Large Packaging ezifana ne-UN 50A noma i-UN 50B, kuye ngezinto zokwakha kanye nomklamo ovunyiwe.