Isingeniso
Ukufakwa kwezimoto ngaphakathi kuncike ekuthuthweni kwezinkulungwane zezingxenye ngesikhathi esincane, isikhala esilinganiselwe phansi, kanye nokucindezeleka kwezindleko okuqhubekayo. Kuleso simo, ukupakisha akuyona nje into yokukhetha isitsha kodwa kuyisici ekusebenzeni kahle kwezokuthutha, ukuphathwa komugqa, ukunciphisa umonakalo, kanye nomnotho wokubuyela emuva. Izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo ziyanda ngoba zixazulula ubuthakathaka obuningana bama-kreyithi endabuko ngesikhathi esisodwa, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezinomthamo omkhulu, ezingasetshenziswa kabusha. Lesi sihloko sichaza izizathu ezinhlanu ezisebenzayo ezenza ziphumelele kakhulu ekupakisheni okuqinile, kusukela ekusetshenzisweni okungcono kwe-cube kanye nezindleko eziphansi ze-reverse-logistics kuya ekulinganisweni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza kubo bonke abahlinzeki, izindawo zokugcina impahla, kanye nezitshalo zokuhlanganisa.
Kungani izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zishintsha indlela yokungena kwezimoto
Amaketanga okuphakelwa kwezimoto aphakathi kwamanethiwekhi okuhamba ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ahlelwe kahle emkhakheni wokukhiqiza womhlaba wonke. Imoto eyodwa yenjini yokushisa yangaphakathi iqukethe izingxenye ezihlukene ezingaba ngu-30,000, kuyilapho izimoto zikagesi zanamuhla zisaqukethe izingxenye ezingaba ngu-15,000 kuya ku-20,000. Ukuphatha ukugeleza kwalezi zingxenye kusuka kubahlinzeki be-Tier 1, Tier 2, kanye ne-Tier 3 kuya kumigqa yokuhlanganisa ye-Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) kudinga izixazululo zokupakisha ezibeka phambili ukusetshenziswa kwesikhala, ukuvikelwa kwengxenye, kanye nesivinini sokushintsha. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imboni ibone ushintsho olukhulu ekupakisheni okusindayo, okungaguquki kuya izixazululo ezakhiwe ngobunjiniyela, ezingasetshenziswa kabusha.
Ukuze baphathe kahle leli nani elikhulu lezinto zokwakha, abahleli bezokuthutha baqhubeka nokushiya amabhokisi aqinile endabuko kanye nama-rack ensimbi. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwe izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zezimoto izinhlelo sezivele njengesu elibalulekile lokwenza ngcono lokhu kugeleza okukhulu kwezinto. Ngokuvumela ukupakisha okungenalutho ukuthi kuwele engxenyeni encane yomthamo walo wokuqala, lezi zitsha ezithuthukisiwe zibhekana ngqo nezithiyo zendawo nezezezimali ebezilokhu ziphazamisa ukuhamba kwezimoto okungenayo.
Ingcindezi yezindleko, ukusebenza kahle komugqa, kanye nokuhlelwa kokupakisha okujwayelekile
Emkhakheni wezimoto oncintisana kakhulu, izindleko zezokuthutha zimelela ingcindezi enkulu, evame ukubala u-4% kuya ku-8% wezindleko zokukhiqiza izimoto. Ukuthutha izitsha ezingenalutho neziqinile emuva kubaphakeli kuwumsebenzi ongadingi inani elingeziwe odla isabelomali esikhulu sempahla. Izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zihlasela ngqo lokhu kungasebenzi kahle ngokunciphisa kakhulu inani lempahla ebuyayo. Lapho abaphathi bezokuthutha bengakwazi ukufaka izitsha eziwile kathathu kuya kane elolini elibuyayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezitsha eziqinile, izindleko zokuhamba ngomjikelezo ngamunye ziyehla, zinikeze impumuzo esheshayo kwizabelomali zokusebenza eziqinile.
Ngale kokonga okulula kwempahla, lezi zitsha ziqhuba ukusebenza kahle kwe-line-side esikhungweni sokuhlanganisa. Ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto zanamuhla kuncike kakhulu kumamodeli okulethwa kwe-Just-In-Time (JIT) kanye ne-Just-In-Sequence (JIS), lapho isikhala esitezi sefektri silinganiselwe khona. Izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo ezijwayelekile, ezivame ukuhambisana nobukhulu bezinyawo ezijwayelekile njenge-1200x1000mm noma i-1200x800mm, zivumela izimoto eziqondiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo (ama-AGV) kanye nabasebenzi be-line-side ukuthi baphathe izinto ngendlela ebikezelwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumiswa kwe-packaging kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka kususa isidingo sokupakisha kabusha noma ukudlulisa izingxenye kusuka emabhokisini omhlinzeki ziye ezitsheni zangaphakathi zesitshalo, konga amahora okusebenza futhi kunciphise ingozi yokulimala kwengxenye ngesikhathi sokudluliselwa.
Izindawo ezibuhlungu zokuthutha izimoto izitsha zendabuko azikwazi ukuzixazulula
Izitsha zendabuko, njengezitebhisi zensimbi ezishisiwe, amabhini epulasitiki aqinile, kanye namabhokisi ezinkuni asetshenziswa kanye, afaka izindawo eziningana zobuhlungu eziqhubekayo eketangeni lokuhlinzeka ngezimoto. Inkinga esobala kakhulu isilinganiso sazo sokubuya esingu-1:1. Uma i-crate yendabuko eqinile isithululiwe emgqeni wokuhlanganisa, ithatha ivolumu efanayo ye-cubic elolini elibuyayo njengoba yayinjalo lapho igcwele. Lokhu kuphoqa izinkampani ze-OEM ukuthi zikhokhe amanani entengo ephezulu yokuthumela umoya ongenalutho kubaphakeli bazo, okwandisa ukushoda kwabashayeli kanye nokukhulisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukupakishwa kwendabuko kuvame ukungabi nezici zokulungisa kanye nokuvikela ezidingekayo ngokwezindinganiso zesimanje zokuhlanganisa. Ama-rack ensimbi asindayo angaba nesisindo esingaphezu kuka-100 kg angenalutho, okudala izingozi zokuphepha kanye nobunzima bokulungisa izisebenzi zasezindaweni zokugcina impahla. Amabhokisi ezinkuni akhiqiza uthuli, izingcezu, kanye nezipikili ezikhululekile ezingangcolisa izingxenye zezimoto ezizwelayo, okuholela emazingeni okukhubazeka aphazamisa ukugeleza kokukhiqiza okunciphile. Amapulasitiki aqinile endabuko, yize ehlanzekile kunezinkuni, athambekele ekuqhekekeni ngaphansi kokuphathwa kwe-forklift okunomthelela omkhulu futhi awakwazi ukulungiswa kalula, okuphoqa ukulahlwa nokushintshwa kusenesikhathi.
Yini echaza izinhlelo zezitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zezimoto
Uhlelo lwesitsha esikhulu esigoqekayo akuyona nje ibhokisi lepulasitiki; iyimpahla eklanywe kahle kakhulu eyenzelwe ngqo ukumelana nobunzima bezintambo zokuhlinzeka ngezimboni. Emkhakheni wezimoto, lezi zinhlelo zisezingeni eliphezulu ukuze zihlanganiswe kalula nezinhlelo zokugcina nokubuyisa ezenzakalelayo (AS/RS), imishini ejwayelekile ye-forklift, kanye neziteshi zokuphatha amarobhothi. Ukuqonda incazelo yobuchwepheshe yalezi zinhlelo kubalulekile konjiniyela bezokuthutha abanomsebenzi wokuthenga izimoto.
Lezi zinhlelo zibonakala ngezindonga zazo ezihlanganisiwe, ezixhunywe esisekelweni sephalethi esiqinile ngamahinji aqinile. Uma isitsha singenalutho, umqhubi angakhulula izibambo ezikhethekile ukuze agoqe izindonga phansi esisekelweni. Lokhu kuguqulwa kuguqula ibhini lempahla elinomthamo omkhulu libe iphalethi eliphansi, okuvula ukusebenza kahle kwempahla okuchaza izintambo zokuphakelwa kwezimoto zanamuhla.
Imininingwane ebalulekile yokuklama yokusetshenziswa kwezimoto
Amacala okusetshenziswa kwezimoto adinga imininingwane eqinile yomklamo ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha, ukuqina, kanye nokuhambisana. Isitsha esikhulu esigoqekayo sezimoto esijwayelekile sivame ukuba nomkhawulo ongu-1200x1000mm, ukuphakama okumiswe okungaba ngu-975mm, okunikeza umthamo wangaphakathi wamalitha angaba ngu-840. Ngokombono wokuthwala umthwalo, lezi zitsha zenzelwe ukusingatha imithwalo enamandla (ngenkathi isendleleni) esukela ku-500 kg kuya ku-900 kg, kanye nemithwalo engaguquki (uma ibekwe endaweni yokugcina impahla) efinyelela ku-3000 kg. Lesi silinganiso samandla aphezulu kuya kwesisindo sitholakala ngokusebenzisa i-structural ribbing kanye ne-polymer blends ethuthukisiwe.
I-Ergonomics kanye nokufinyeleleka kwezingxenye nakho kuyizinto ezibalulekile. Amamodeli amaningi ezimoto aneminyango yokungena (iminyango yokungena) ohlangothini olulodwa noma ezimbili. Le minyango ivumela abaqhubi bezinhlangothi zomugqa ukuthi bafinyelele phansi kwesitsha ngaphandle kokwephula imingcele yokufinyelela eqondile, ebeka ukuthi abaqhubi akufanele bagobe badlule umkhawulo ongu-40cm ukuze bathole izingxenye ezisindayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisindo se-tree sesitsha silawulwa ngokuqinile; amamodeli atholakala kalula enziwe nge-polyethylene ephezulu (i-HDPE) ngokuvamile anesisindo esiphakathi kuka-40 kg no-55 kg, okuqinisekisa ukuthi angaphathwa ngokuphephile ngabasebenzi uma engenalutho.
Izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo uma kuqhathaniswa namabhokisi endabuko
Umehluko wokusebenza phakathi kwezitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo kanye nama-crate aqinile endabuko ucacile, ikakhulukazi uma kuhlaziywa izindleko zomjikelezo wokuphila kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendawo. Ngenkathi ama-crate aqinile enikeza ukwakhiwa okulula, okuyingxenye eyodwa okungenazo izingxenye ezihambayo, ayahluleka ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sokujikeleza kwamaketanga okuhlinzeka avaliwe. Izitsha ezigoqekayo zethula ama-hinge nama-latches, adinga ukubekezelelana kokukhiqiza okuqinile kodwa aletha imbuyiselo ebonakalayo ekongeni isikhala.
| Imininingwane | Ibhokisi Lepulasitiki Eliqinile Lendabuko | Isitsha Esigoqekayo Esibanzi |
|---|---|---|
| Isisindo seTare | 45-50 kg | 40-55 kg |
| Isilinganiso Sokubuyisa Esingenalutho | 1:1 | 1:3 noma 1:4 |
| Umthamo Wokulayisha Oguquguqukayo | Kufika ku-1000 kg | 500 kg - 900 kg |
| Ukuphakama Okugoqiwe | Akukho (Kuhlala kungu-975mm) | 320mm - 340mm |
| Ukusebenza Kahle Kokugcina Isitoreji | Phansi | Kuphezulu Kakhulu |
Njengoba kuboniswe ekuqhathanisweni, inzuzo ecacile yesistimu egoqekayo isilinganiso sayo sokubuya esingenalutho. Ibhokisi eliqinile ligcina ukuphakama kwalo okungu-975mm unomphela, kanti isitsha esigoqekayo sigoqeka phansi sifike ku-320mm kuya ku-340mm. Lokhu kunciphisa okulinganiselwe kuvumela abahlinzeki bezinto zokuthutha ukuthi babeke amabhokisi awile aminyene, okuguqula ukuguquguquka kwezezimali kwezinto zokuthutha ezibuyela emuva kanye nendawo yokugcina impahla.
Uma amabhokisi endabuko esanengqondo
Naphezu kwezinzuzo ezinkulu zezinhlelo ezigoqekayo, kusenezindawo ezithile zezimoto lapho ama-crate endabuko noma ama-rack ensimbi akhethekile kuseyindlela engcono kakhulu. Okuhlukile okuyinhloko kuhilela ukuthuthwa kwezingxenye ezisindayo kakhulu, ezibunjwe ngendlela engajwayelekile, noma ezizwela kakhulu ezidlula imikhawulo yesakhiwo sezitsha zepulasitiki ezijwayelekile. Isibonelo, izinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi ezihlanganiswe ngokugcwele, ozimele be-chassis eluhlaza, kanye namaphaneli omzimba amakhulu agxiviziwe ngokuvamile adinga ama-rack ensimbi ashiselwe ngokwezifiso ane-dunnage ekhethekile ukuvimbela ukuguquka ngesikhathi sokuthutha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitsha eziqinile zendabuko zingase zibe nomqondo wezezimali ezinkambisweni zokuphakelwa ezisendaweni enkulu. Uma umhlinzeki we-Tier 1 etholakala eduze kwesitshalo sokuhlanganisa se-OEM—esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ipaki yomhlinzeki ehlanganisiwe lapho amabanga okuhamba engaphansi kwamamayela angu-5—ukonga kwezokuthutha okukhiqizwa ngokugoqa izitsha kungase kungahlanganisi isikhathi somsebenzi esidingekayo ukuze zigoqwe futhi zimiswe. Kulezi zihibe ezimfushane kakhulu, ukulula kwebhokisi eliqinile ngezinye izikhathi kungaletha izindleko eziphansi zokusebenza.
Kungani izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo ziphumelela kakhulu kuneziphakeji zendabuko
Ushintsho oluvela ekupakisheni okudlule luye ezinhlelweni ezithuthukisiwe ezingabuyiselwa luqhutshwa yizilinganiso zokusebenza ezingalinganiswa kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka. Izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zisebenza kahle kakhulu kunezinye izigaba ezivamile cishe kuzo zonke izigaba ezilinganiswayo, kusukela ekongeni imali ngqo kuya emthonjeni wemvelo. Ngokubhekana nezimbangela eziyinhloko zemfucuza yezinto zokwakha, lezi zinhlelo zinikeza imbuyiselo ehlukahlukene ekutshalweni kwezimali.
Ukuze baqonde ukuthi kungani lokhu kusebenza kahle kakhulu kwenzeka, abahleli bezokuthutha kumele babheke ngale kwentengo yokuqala yokuthenga impahla. Inani langempela lokupakisha okugoqekayo litholakala phakathi nesikhathi sayo sokuphila seminyaka eminingi, ngokonga okuqongelelekayo kwempahla, ukunciphisa umonakalo womkhiqizo, izikhathi zokuphatha ezisheshayo, kanye nokuhambisana nemiyalelo yokuzinza kwenkampani.
Izindleko zokuthutha nezokugcina eziphansi
Inzuzo ejulile kakhulu yezitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo ilele ekunciphiseni okukhulu kwezindleko zokuthutha nezokugcina. Ezokuthutha zaseNyakatho Melika, i-trailer ejwayelekile engamamitha angu-53 ingathwala izinyathelo zephalethi ezijwayelekile ezingu-26 phansi. Uma izitsha eziqinile zibekwe phezulu kathathu, i-trailer ifinyelela umthamo wayo ophezulu kuma-bins angu-78. Lo mkhawulo usho ukuthi i-OEM kumele ithumele iloli elilodwa kuzo zonke izitsha ezingu-78 ezingenalutho ezibuyiselwe kumhlinzeki.
Izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zishintsha kakhulu lesi sibalo. Uma zigoqekile zafinyelela ukuphakama okungu-320mm, lezi zitsha zingabekwa zifinyelele ukuphakama okungu-9 ngaphakathi kwetreyila efanayo. Ngenxa yalokho, itreyila eyodwa engamamitha angu-53 ingathwala izitsha ezigoqekayo ezifika ku-234. Lesi silinganiso esingu-3 kuya ku-1 sisusa ngempumelelo imithwalo emibili kwezintathu ezibuyayo, okwenza ukonga kwempahla okuphumayo okungu-60% kuya ku-70%.
Izindleko zokugcina izinto zincipha ngendlela efanayo. Indawo yokugcina izinto ezitshalweni zokuhlanganisa izimoto ibiza kakhulu, ngokuvamile idlula u-$10 ngefidi lesikwele ngonyaka. Ngokudiliza impahla engenalutho, izitshalo zingabuyisa indawo efinyelela ku-75% yendawo ephansi eyayibekelwe ukubeka izitsha eziqinile ezingenalutho, okuvumela leyo ndawo enenani eliphezulu ukuthi isetshenziswe kabusha emisebenzini yokukhiqiza ekhiqizayo.
Ukuvikelwa kwezingxenye okungcono kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuphatha
Ngaphandle kokusebenza kahle kwendawo, izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zinikeza ukuvikelwa kwezingxenye okungcono kakhulu, kunciphisa ngqo amazinga okulahlwa kanye nokulungiswa kabusha. Izingxenye zezimoto, ikakhulukazi izinto zikagesi, amaphaneli angaphakathi afakwe umjovo, kanye nezingxenye ze-drivetrain ezifakwe ngomshini, zisengozini enkulu yothuli, umswakama, kanye nomonakalo womthelela. Izitsha ezigoqekayo zinezindonga zangaphakathi ezibushelelezi kanye nezivalo eziqinile ezidala indawo encane evikelekile. Uma zihlanganiswa ne-dunnage yendwangu eyenziwe ngokwezifiso noma amathreyi e-thermoformed, lezi zitsha zinganciphisa amazinga okukhubazeka okuhlobene nokuhamba ngo-15% uma kuqhathaniswa namabhasikidi ensimbi avulekile noma amabhokisi ezinkuni.
Ukusebenza kahle kokuphatha nakho kuthuthukisiwe kakhulu. Ukuhlanganiswa kweminyango yokudonsa kuvumela abasebenzi ukuthi bakhiphe izingxenye ezisindayo ngokuphephile ngaphandle kokuncika ezindongeni eziphakeme zebhini eqinile, kunciphisa ukwanda kokulimala kwemisipha nemisipha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisekelo esijwayelekile seziqukathi ezigoqekayo sinokungena kwe-forklift enezindlela ezine kanye nemiphetho ehlanganisiwe, okuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okungenamthungo nama-conveyor azenzakalelayo futhi kunciphisa isikhathi esidingekayo sokuba abaphathi bezinto zokwakha balayishe futhi balayishe amaloli.
Ukusekela imigomo yokuzinza kanye nokusebenzisa kabusha
Imboni yezimoto ingaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu yokulawula kanye neyabathengi yokunciphisa ukuthinteka kwayo kwemvelo, futhi ukupakisha kudlala indima ebonakalayo kulo mzamo. Izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zisekela kakhulu imigomo yokuzinza kwenkampani kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha. Njengoba zenziwe ngokuyinhloko nge-High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) noma i-Polypropylene (PP) evuselelwe kabusha engeyona ingozi noma esezingeni eliphezulu, lezi zitsha zinesikhathi sokusebenza seminyaka emi-5 kuya kwengu-7, zisinda amakhulu emijikelezo yochungechunge lokuphakelwa.
Ngokungafani nekhadibhodi elisebenzisekayo noma ama-pallet enziwe ngokhuni asetshenziswa kanye kuphela agcina esezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza, izitsha zepulasitiki ezigoqekayo zisebenza ngendlela ehlelekile neyindilinga. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sazo sokusebenza, izitsha ezonakele zingagaywa, zincibilikiswe, bese zibunjwa zibe izitsha ezintsha sha, kufinyelelwe izinga lokuphinda zisetshenziswe elingu-100%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuqeda u-60% kuya ku-70% wohambo lokubuyisela impahla, ukuthunyelwa kwezitsha ezigoqekayo kunciphisa ngqo ukukhishwa kwe-Scope 3 carbon dioxide (CO2) kwenethiwekhi yezokuthutha, kusiza ama-OEM ukuba ahlangabezane nezinhloso zawo eziqinile ze-ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance).
Indlela abahlinzeki bezimoto okufanele bahlole ngayo ukutholwa kanye nokuthunyelwa
Ukushintsha uchungechunge lokuhlinzekwa kwezimoto kusuka ekupakisheni okuvamile kuya emikhumbini yezitsha ezigoqekayo kuyisinyathelo esidinga imali eningi esidinga ukuhlela ngokucophelela. Impumelelo yokuqaliswa kwalolu hlelo incike kakhulu ekukhetheni umlingani wokukhiqiza ofanele kanye nokusebenzisa isu lokuqalisa ukusebenza ngezigaba elinciphisa ukuphazamiseka komkhiqizo oqhubekayo.
Abahlinzeki bezimoto kanye nama-OEM kumele bahlole izinhlelo zokupakisha ezingaba khona hhayi nje ngentengo yeyunithi, kodwa nangobuqotho besakhiwo, ukwesekwa kobunjiniyela, kanye nokuhambisana kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka. Ukufakwa kabi kungaholela ekushodeni kokupakisha, ukumiswa kwemigqa, kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezezimali, okwenza ukuhlolwa okuqinile kube yinto ebalulekile.
Ukuqeqeshwa komhlinzeki kanye nokusekelwa kobunjiniyela
Ukuhlola umkhiqizi wezitsha kuqala ngokuhlola amakhono abo obunjiniyela kanye nezitifiketi zekhwalithi. Abahlinzeki kufanele babe nezitifiketi ze-ISO 9001 kanye ne-ISO 14001, okungenani. Ngenxa yokuthi izitsha zezimoto kumele zikwazi ukumelana nemithwalo enamandla kakhulu, umkhiqizi kumele abe namakhono okufaka umjovo onzima, ngokuvamile adinga imishini emikhulu yokubumba umjovo engamathani angu-3000 kuya kwangu-4000 ukuze akhiqize izisekelo ezinkulu, ezinezingcezu kanye nezindonga ngaphandle kwamaphuzu abuthakathaka esakhiweni.
Ukusekelwa kobunjiniyela kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Umhlinzeki kumele akwazi ukunikeza idatha yokuhlola ephelele, kufaka phakathi imiphumela evela ku-ASTM D642 (ukumelana nokucindezela) kanye ne-ASTM D880 (ukuhlolwa komthelela). Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalingani bokupakisha abangcono kakhulu banikeza ukwakheka kwe-dunnage yangaphakathi, okuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokuvikela zangaphakathi zihambisana kahle nobukhulu bangaphakathi besitsha esigoqekayo, okwandisa ubuningi bezingxenye ngenkathi kuvimbela ukuthintana kwengxenye kuya kwengxenye ngesikhathi sokuthutha.
Izinyathelo zokuqalisa zokuguqulwa
Ukuqaliswa akufanele kwenziwe njengokushintsha okungazelelwe, okuqhutshwa ohlelweni lonke. Indlela enconywayo ukuguqulwa okunezigaba, kuqala ngohlelo lokuhlola emzileni wezokuthutha olawulwa ngokuqinile, onevolumu ephezulu. Umshayeli wezokuthutha ojwayelekile uhlala izinsuku ezingama-60 kuya kwezingama-90, okuvumela amaqembu ezokuthutha ukuthi aqaphe izikhathi eziqondile zokushintsha, aqinisekise ukonga kwempahla, futhi aqoqe impendulo evela kubaqhubi bezokuthutha abasebenzisa imigqa mayelana ne-ergonomics kanye nokuphathwa kwayo.
Phakathi nalesi sigaba, ukubala usayizi wemikhumbi efanele kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvimbela ukuphela kwesitokwe sezitsha. Ifomula ejwayelekile yosayizi wemikhumbi ithi: Usayizi Wemikhumbi = (Isikhathi Somjikelezo Ngezinsuku x Umthamo Wengxenye Yansuku Zonke) + I-Buffer. Emkhakheni wezimoto, i-buffer engu-10% kuya ku-15% iyindlela ejwayelekile yokubheka ukubambezeleka okungenakugwenywa, izidingo zokulungisa, kanye nezithiyo zokuhamba. Uma umzila womshayeli uphumelela futhi izibalo zemikhumbi seziqinisekisiwe, ukuqaliswa kungalinganiswa ngokwesifunda kwabanye abahlinzeki be-Tier 1.
Ukubuyekezwa kokuthobela imithetho kanye nezingozi zokusebenza
Ukuhambisana nezindinganiso zemboni yezimoto akunakuxoxiswana ngazo. Izitsha kumele zihambisane neziqondiso zobukhulu kanye nokusebenza ezibekwe yizinhlangano zesifunda njenge-Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) eNyakatho Melika noma i-Odette eYurophu. Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nalezi zindinganiso kungabangela ukuthi izitsha zenqatshwe izinhlelo zokugcina impahla ezenzakalelayo noma zehluleke ukuhlangana ngokuphephile nemikhumbi ekhona.
Ukubuyekezwa kwengozi yokusebenza kumele futhi kubhekane nosongo lokulahleka kwezitsha. Ingozi evamile kumanethiwekhi okupakisha ahlanganisiwe noma angabuyiselwa "ukuncipha," lapho izitsha zilahleka khona, zigcinwa, noma zebiwe, okwakukhona ngokomlando cishe izinga lokulahlekelwa ngonyaka elingu-5% kwezimpahla ezingalandelwanga. Amasu okusebenzisa anamuhla anciphisa lokhu ngokufaka amathegi e-RFID noma ama-node okulandelela e-IoT ngqo ezindongeni zepulasitiki ngesikhathi senqubo yokukhiqiza. Ngokulandelela ngenkuthalo imikhumbi, ama-OEM angehlisa amazinga okulahlekelwa ngonyaka abe ngaphansi kuka-1%, avikele ukutshalwa kwezimali kwawo kanye nokuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwezinto okungaphazamiseki.
Indlela yokunquma ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuyakufanelekela yini
Ekugcineni, isinqumo sokulungisa inethiwekhi yezokuthutha sincike ekuziphenduleleni okuqinile kwezezimali. Isithwali Semithwalo Emikhulu uhlelo ludinga izindleko ezinkulu zezezimali kusengaphambili, njengoba amapulasitiki agoqekayo aklanywe ngobunjiniyela enentengo ephezulu yokuqala kunezikebhe zokhuni eziyisisekelo noma amabhini aqinile alula.
Kodwa-ke, uma kuhlaziywa ngelensi ye-Total Cost of Ownership (TCO), izinzuzo zezimali zivame ukwedlula izindleko zokuqala. Ngokusebenzisa amamodeli emizila ethile yezokuthutha, amavolumu ezingxenye, kanye namanani okuthutha, abaphathi be-supply chain bangakha icala lebhizinisi elihehayo, eliqhutshwa idatha ukuze kube nesimanje.
Indlela yokubala ukubuyiselwa kwemali ngomzila nomjikelezo
Ukubala isikhathi sokukhokha kudinga ukuhlukanisa izindleko zomjikelezo owodwa wochungechunge lokuphakelwa. Cabanga ngesimo lapho i-OEM isebenza umzila wamamayela angu-300. Ibhini eliqinile lensimbi noma lepulasitiki lingabiza u-$150, kuyilapho isitsha esigoqekayo esisindayo sibiza u-$220. Uma imithwalo ephumayo ye-trailer engenalutho engamamitha angu-53 ibiza u-$1,200, ukubuyisa amabhini aqinile angu-78 kubiza cishe u-$15.38 ngebhini ngalinye. Ukubuyisela amabhini agoqekayo angu-234 kuleyo nqola efanayo kubiza u-$5.12 ngebhini ngalinye, okunikeza ukonga okuqondile kwemithwalo engu-$10.26 ngohambo ngalunye.
| Isilinganiso Sezezimali | Imikhumbi Yensimbi Eqinile/Yepulasitiki | Imikhumbi Yezitsha Ezigoqekayo |
|---|---|---|
| Izindleko Ezilinganiselwe Zeyunithi | $120 - $180 | $180 - $250 |
| Impahla Ephumayo (Engenalutho) | $1,200 ngamabhodlela angu-78 | $1,200 ngamabhodlela angu-234 |
| Izindleko Zokubuyisa Ezingenalutho Ngebhini Elilodwa | $15.38 | $5.12 |
| Ukonga Impahla Ngohambo Ngalunye | Isisekelo | $10.26 ngebhokisi ngalinye |
| Isikhathi Sokukhokha Esilinganiselwe | Akukho | Uhambo oluyi-10 kuya ku-18 |
Kusetshenziswa lo modeli, iprimiyamu yentengo engu-$70 yesitsha esigoqekayo ibuyiswa ngohambo olucishe lube yi-7. Uma kubhekwa ukonga okwengeziwe okuvela ezidingweni zokugcina ezincishisiwe, izingxenye ezimbalwa ezonakele, kanye nezindleko zomsebenzi eziphansi, isikhathi sokukhokha esijwayelekile sezitsha ezigoqekayo zezimoto emizileni engaphezu kwamamayela angu-200 sihlala siphakathi kwezinyanga ezingu-12 nezingu-18. Uma isikhathi sokukhokha sesifinyelelwe, ukonga okuqhubekayo kwempahla kwehla ngqo emalini yenkampani esikhathini esisele sokuphila kwesitsha seminyaka emi-5 kuya kwengu-7.
Isiqondiso sezinqumo sama-OEM kanye nabahlinzeki beZinga
Kuma-OEM kanye nabahlinzeki be-Tier, isinqumo sokutshala imali kufanele siqondiswe yimingcele yevolumu kanye nendawo yenethiwekhi. Uma umhlinzeki ethumela ivolumu ephansi (isb., ngaphansi kwezingxenye eziyi-1,000 ngenyanga) noma esebenza kuphela emizileni emifushane kakhulu engaphansi kwamamayela angama-50, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwemali ezitsheni ezigoqekayo kungathatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuncipha. Kulezi zimo ezisemaphethelweni, ukupakisha okusebenzisekayo noma imikhumbi eqinile ekhona kunganele okwesikhashana.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinhlelweni ezinomthamo omkhulu ezithumela izingxenye ezingaphezu kuka-10,000 ngenyanga emigwaqweni yesifunda noma yamazwe ngamazwe, ukushintshela ezitsheni ezinkulu ezigoqekayo kubalulekile. Ama-OEM kufanele agunyaze ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo ezigoqekayo ezijwayelekile emiyalweni yabo yokuhambisa abahlinzeki ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho yenethiwekhi yonke. Abahlinzeki abasezingeni eliphezulu, nabo, kufanele basebenzise lezi zinhlelo ukuxoxisana ngemigomo engcono yokuthutha impahla futhi babonise ukuzibophezela kwabo emigomweni yokukhiqiza ezinzile ye-OEM kanye nezingaguquki.
Ekuphetheni, idatha ikhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi amakesi aqinile endabuko awasakwazi ukubhekana nezingcindezi zezimali nezendawo zokukhiqiza izimoto zanamuhla. Ngokutshala imali ezinhlelweni zezitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo, abathintekayo bezimoto bangasusa imfucuza ngokuhlelekile kumanethiwekhi abo okuthutha angemuva, bavikele izingxenye zenani eliphezulu, futhi bakhe uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka oluqinile nolungabizi kakhulu olukwazi ukusekela isizukulwane esilandelayo sokukhiqizwa kwezimoto.
Izinto Ezibalulekile Okufanele Uzicabangele
- Iziphetho ezibaluleke kakhulu kanye nesizathu sezitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zezimoto
- Imininingwane, ukuhambisana, kanye nokuhlolwa kwengozi okufanele kuqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokuthi uzibophezele
- Izinyathelo ezilandelayo ezisebenzayo kanye nezixwayiso abafundi abangazisebenzisa ngokushesha
imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa
Kungani izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo zingcono kunezitsha zendabuko zokuthutha izimoto?
Zinciphisa ivolumu yokubuyisa engenalutho ngokuphindwe kathathu kuya kane, zinciphisa izindleko zokuthutha, zithuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwesikhala eceleni komugqa, futhi zivikela izingxenye kangcono kunezingodo noma amabhokisi ensimbi asindayo.
Yiziphi izingxenye zemoto ezilingana kahle ezitsheni ezinkulu ezigoqekayo?
Zisebenza kahle ezingxenyeni eziphakathi kuya kwezinkulu, ama-subassemblies, kanye nama-dunnage pack abuyiselwayo, ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezihamba ngokuphindaphindiwe phakathi kwabahlinzeki nezitshalo ze-OEM.
Izitsha ezigoqekayo zisekela kanjani ukulethwa kwe-JIT ne-JIS?
Izinyathelo zabo ezijwayelekile zisiza ama-AGV, ama-forklift, kanye nabaqhubi ukuthi baphathe izingxenye njalo, kunciphisa ukupakisha kabusha, konga isikhala sephansi, futhi kugcine ukugcwaliswa kabusha ohlangothini lomugqa kubikezelwa.
Ingabe izitsha ezinkulu ezigoqekayo ziyahambisana nemishini ejwayelekile yokuthutha izimoto?
Yebo. Amamodeli ezimoto ngokuvamile aklanyelwe izinyathelo ezivamile njenge-1200x1000mm noma i-1200x800mm futhi ahlanganiswa nama-forklift, i-AS/RS, kanye nezinhlelo eziningi zokuphatha ezenzakalelayo.
Yini okufanele abathengi bayihlole ngaphambi kokukhetha isitsha esikhulu esigoqekayo?
Qinisekisa umthamo womthwalo, ukuphakama okugoqiwe, indawo yokugcina izinto, amandla okubeka izinto, izinketho zokulungisa izinto, ukulungiswa, kanye nokuhambisana nezingxenye zakho, ama-racks, ama-forklift, kanye nokuzisebenzela kwesitshalo.